Author: Jette Nietzard

The Committee notes that Abkhazia, Georgia and the Tskhinvali region/South Ossetia, Georgia, remain outside the effective control of the State party, which is a serious obstacle to the implementation of the Convention in those regions.
The report from Georgia is relatively short and therefore does not go into much depth. Problems include child abuse and inadequate child protection. In addition, sex-selective abortions take place and Georgia has high rates of infant mortality and stillbirth.

The Committee urges the State party to combat the practice of sex-selective abortion, including by addressing its root causes and the long-term implications for society, expanding family planning services and carrying out awareness-raising activities on the detrimental impact of sex selection and on the equal value of girls and boys.
Taking note of the high rate of early pregnancies and the absence of sexual and reproductive health education in school curricula, and development in the context of the Convention, the Committee recommends that the State party ensure that the strategy for reproductive health includes a specific focus on adolescent health and that the State party expedite its adoption. Also, Georgia should develop and implement a policy to protect the rights of pregnant teenagers, adolescent mothers and their children and combat discrimination against them.

While welcoming efforts for the integration of children with disabilities in social, recreational and cultural activities, the Committee is seriously concerned by limited availability of early identification and intervention programmes, the system exclusively based on health needs determining disability status, which ignores some developmental disabilities of infants and young children, and the absence of an effective referral system based on cooperation between medical personnel, social workers and service providers. It is also concerned about the slow progress in the deinstitutionalization of children with disabilities in rural areas and incomplete data on children with disabilities. There is also a low awareness in the families concerned of the services available for children with disabilities and the limited access to health, education and care services for children with disabilities, especially those with autism, Down syndrome and severe disabilities, as well as for children in rural areas.

The Committee remains concerned at the high rates of infant mortality and stillbirth and the low technological capacity of pre- and postnatal health care and reports of the continued prevalence of malnutrition, anaemia and other micronutrient deficiencies, as well as obesity in children and the limited coverage of the educational health visits made by primary health-care professionals, leading to inappropriate childcare practices.
To guarantee every child the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, the Committee urges the State party to strengthen efforts to decrease rates of infant mortality and stillbirth by, inter alia, improving ante- and postnatal care and enhancing the capacity of health-care providers all over the country.

The Committee recommends that the State party take all necessary measures to combat all forms of child labour, including in the informal sector, and urges the State party to restore the labour inspectorate, thus strengthening the monitoring of prohibitions of child labour based on the law.

The Committee recommends that the State party guarantee adequate human, technical and financial resources for specialized juvenile court facilities and ensure that specialized professionals receive continuous education and training as well as further promote alternative measures to detention and ensure the availability of sufficient possibilities for community work and mediation.

The Committee recommends that the State party develop and implement national guidelines on HIV disclosure counselling for children and improve follow-up treatment for HIV-infected mothers and their infants to ensure early diagnosis and early initiation of treatment. Georgia should also improve access to quality, age-appropriate HIV/AIDS, sexual and reproductive health services.

The report from Bahrain leaves open the situation of refugee and intersex children. However, it is clear that the country needs to take action against obesity and improve its juvenile justice system.

The Committee recommends to decriminalize abortion in all circumstances and ensure access to safe abortion and post-abortion care services for adolescent girls, making sure that their views are always heard and given due consideration as a part of the decision-making process. Also, the Committee recommends to prioritize the roll-out of the reproductive health and puberty programme for adolescents (Kabarna) to all schools, and ensure that it includes education on preventing early pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, as well as life-skills education on preventing substance abuse.

The Committee recommends that the State party continue to promote a human rights-based approach to disability, and undertake a comprehensive study, with data disaggregated by, inter alia, age, sex, type of disability, ethnic and national origin and geographic location, on the situation of children with disabilities and analyse the effectiveness of the implementation of the Convention and the existing laws and policies. Also, Bahrain should ensure that laws, policies and programmes, including the education development plan, guarantee all children with disabilities the right to inclusive education in mainstream schools as well as continue to give priority to measures that facilitate the full inclusion of children with disabilities, including those with intellectual and psychosocial disabilities, in all areas of public life, including leisure activities, community-based care and provision of social housing with reasonable accommodation.

To guarantee every child the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, the Committee recommends that the State party continue targeted interventions to prevent and treat iron-deficiency anaemia and sickle-cell anaemia among children, including by expanding its programme for fortifying flour with iron and folic acid; ensuring early diagnosis and treatment for children with sickle-cell anaemia; evaluating and strengthening awareness-raising activities aimed at preventing the incidence of sickle-cell anaemia among children, and allocating sufficient resources to the nutrition section of the Department of Public Health. Bahrain should also intensify measures to combat obesity and raise awareness about healthy nutrition among parents, children and the general public, promote healthy eating habits, particularly among young children and adolescents, and develop regulations regarding the marketing of unhealthy food that have a negative effect on children’s health as well as strengthen measures to reduce the premature birth rate and to eliminate preventable infant mortality. The Committee further recommends to develop and implement a national programme on providing treatment for mothers affected by HIV to prevent mother-to-child transmission and ensuring early diagnosis and early initiation of treatment of children.

The Committee recommends to ensure a uniform and integrated system of child and adolescent mental health services throughout the State party, equipped with sufficient human, technical and financial resources, and set up an effective monitoring system for child and adolescent mental health.

The Committee recommends that the State party establish and implement regulations to ensure that the business sector, including multinational corporations domiciled in the State party, complies with international and national human rights, labour, environment and other standards in relation to children’s rights. In particular, it recommends that the State party establish a clear regulatory framework for the industries operating in the State party to ensure that their activities do not negatively affect children’s rights.

While the Committee welcomes the establishment of a special investigation unit in 2012 to investigate allegations of torture, it remains deeply concerned at the arbitrary detention of children, reports of the ill-treatment of children by police and in detention centres, including through the use of tear gas during the riot in Jau prison in 2015, and the alleged use of torture by law enforcement officials to elicit confessions from children in detention.

The Committee urges the State party to bring its juvenile justice system fully into line with the Convention and other relevant standards. In particular, the Committee urges the State party to adopt the bill on correctional justice for children, which would, inter alia, introduce juvenile courts, raise the age of criminal responsibility to an internationally acceptable level and prohibit the imposition of the death penalty or life imprisonment for crimes committed by persons under 18 years of age, and in the meantime, halt all executions of persons who committed crimes while under 18 years of age. Also, Bahrain should ensure the provision of qualified, free and independent legal aid to children in conflict with the law from the beginning of the investigation and throughout the legal proceedings, and grant access to a lawyer and to family immediately after arrest.

Noting with concern that the law in the State party provides automatic solutions for the residence (hadana) of children after divorce or separation, without an individual assessment of their best interests, that the law regulates residence and other family relations differently for girls and boys, and that fathers have priority in the guardianship of their children, the Committee recommends that the State party review its legislation relating to the residence (hadana) of the child to ensure that all decisions taken are based on the principle of the best interests of the child, and that the views of children, girls and boys alike, are taken into account.

Concluding observations on the fourth to sixth periodic reports released on 27 February 2019. More information about education in Bahrain: https://www.moe.gov.bh

The overall situation in the Maldives is rather poor for children's rights. Children are sentenced to death, there is a great religious intolerance and girls experience great oppression due to the patriarchal system, rape is not punished and only for special reasons abortions are allowed. There is no information on health care in the report.

The Committee is concerned that abortion requires the consent of the spouse and is permitted only in a few cases as well as that there is no universal access to reproductive health-care services, and unmarried girls face difficulties due to the social condemnation and criminalization of out-of-wedlock pregnancy, which increasingly leads to illegal and unsafe abortions, putting the lives and health of adolescent mothers at great risk.
To improve the situation, the Committee recommends to adopt a comprehensive sexual and reproductive health policy for adolescents and ensure that sexual and reproductive health education is part of the mandatory school curriculum and targeted at adolescent girls and boys, with special attention given to preventing early pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Furthermore, the Committee recommends that the Maldives decriminalize abortions in all circumstances and review its legislation with a view to ensuring children’s access to safe abortion and post-abortion care services, including by removing the provision for spousal consent, and ensure that the views of the pregnant girl are always heard and respected in abortion decisions.

The Committee remains concerned about the stigmatization of children with disabilities, the absence of disaggregated data on children with disabilities, and their lack of access to health services. Therefore, the Committee urges the State party to adopt a human-rights-based approach to disability, set up a comprehensive strategy, based on disaggregated statistical data, for the inclusion of children with disabilities and ensure that all children with disabilities are included in the disability registry and remove any existing financial or other obstacles to such registration. Maldives should also strengthen its efforts to implement the inclusive education policy and ensure that inclusive education is given priority over the placement of children in specialized institutions and classes as well as strengthen its efforts to ensure that children with disabilities have access to health care, including early detection and intervention programmes.

According to a 2006 nationwide study, 66 per cent of children and adolescents in the State party suffered from issues related to mental health and, according to a 2009 survey, 22.2 per cent of students in the State party had made a plan for attempting suicide during the 12 months preceding the survey, but no specialized mental health services for children and adolescents have been established in the State party to date. To improve the situation, the Committee recommends to provide specialized mental health facilities and services for children and adolescents.

The Committee is concerned that, while tourism constitutes the main pillar of the State party’s economy, and child prostitution is reported to take place in the tourist environment of beaches, safari boats and guesthouses, the State party has not yet adopted measures to protect children from violations of their rights that may arise from tourism activities, especially child sex tourism.
The Committee recommends that the State party examine and adapt its legislative framework to ensure the legal accountability of business enterprises and their subsidiaries operating in or managed from the State party’s territory, especially in the tourism industry, and undertake awareness-raising campaigns with the tourism industry and the public at large on the prevention of child sex tourism.

The Committee is gravely concerned that the Juvenile Court sentenced five children to death in three separate cases (one case in 2013 and two cases in 2015).
The Committee further urges the State party to bring its juvenile justice system fully into line with the Convention and other relevant standards. In particular, the Committee urges the State party to adopt without further delay the Juvenile Justice Act, ensuring that its provisions fully comply with the provisions and principles of the Convention, as well as other international standards on the administration of juvenile justice, including hearing of the child during criminal proceedings. Maldives should also abolish flogging as a sentence for crime and ensure that children are not detained together with adults and that detention conditions are compliant with international standards, including with regard to access to education and health services. Also, the Committee urges the State party to expeditiously establish throughout its territory specialized juvenile court facilities and procedures with adequate human, technical and financial resources, designate specialized judges for children and ensure that such specialized judges receive appropriate education and training.

The Committee is concerned that customary and religious interpretations of the best interests of the child that are not in conformity with the Convention prevail in the State party and lead to serious violations of children’s rights. The Committee notes with serious concern that the non-reporting of child sexual abuse is considered as preserving the so-called “honour” of the child and therefore serving his or her best interests.
The Committee is seriously concerned about reports of religious intolerance towards non-Muslims and non-believers, and the general impunity enjoyed by those who commit violence against adults and children promoting religious tolerance. The Committee is also concerned about reports that religious extremism is on the rise in the State party and that it has a severe impact on the rights of children to freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

Concluding observations on the fourth and fifth periodic reports released on 14 March 2016. The Committee encourages the State party to consider withdrawing its reservations to articles 14 (1) and 21 of the Convention. More information about education on Maldives: https://www.unicef.org and https://avas.mv

In Buthan, extensive discrimination against girls is remarkable. In addition, the situation of children of Nepalese ethnic origin is seriously concerning.

The Committee recommends that the State party adopt a comprehensive sexual and reproductive health policy for adolescent girls and boys, with special attention on preventing early pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Bhutan should also promote access to information and services for girls and boys to reduce adolescent pregnancies and increase access to contraceptives, particularly in rural areas, and conduct awareness-raising campaigns on the harmful effects of teenage pregnancies. Furthermore, the Committee recommends that the State party decriminalize abortions in all circumstances and review its legislation with a view to ensuring girls’ access to safe abortion and post-abortion care services. Their views should always be heard and given due consideration in abortion decisions.

The Committee welcomes the studies conducted by the State party regarding the situation of and the services available to children with disabilities and the creation of 14 inclusive education schools. The Committee is concerned about the limited measures taken to promote inclusive education of children with disabilities.
To improve the situation, the Committee urges the State party to adopt a human rights-based approach and framework to disability and develop and implement a comprehensive strategy on the rights of children with disabilities, with their full and meaningful participation. Also, Bhutan should develop an efficient system for diagnosing disability at an early stage and establish comprehensive measures for implementing inclusive education and, in particular, ensure that inclusive education is given priority over the placement of children in specialized institutions and classes across the whole country. The Committee further urges Bhutan to train teachers and education staff in inclusive education, enabling them to provide the individual support that is required by children with disabilities, and undertake awareness-raising campaigns aimed at government officials, the public and families to combat the stigmatization of and prejudice against children with disabilities and promote a positive image of such children.

The Committee recommends to strengthen the provision of dietary food supplements in the school feeding programme to address iron deficiency, especially among adolescent girls. Furthermore, the Committee recommends that the State party develop programmes of education and awareness-raising on the harmful effects of smoking, alcohol and substance abuse among adolescents and on the promotion of healthy lifestyles, and provide counselling and rehabilitation services for adolescents who smoke and engage in substance abuse.

The Committee recommends to develop a comprehensive national policy on child mental health, ensuring that mental health promotion and child-friendly mental health services are available in primary health care, schools and communities.

The Committee welcomes the adoption of the second National Adaptation Programme of Action to reduce climate change-related risks and vulnerabilities, and it recommends that the State party ensure that the special vulnerabilities and requirements of children, as well as their views, are taken into account when developing policies and programmes addressing the issues of climate change and disaster risk management. Bhutan should also increase children’s awareness and preparedness for climate change and natural disasters by incorporating these issues into the school curriculum and teachers’ training programmes and develop sustainable systems for water management and supply to address the drying up of spring water sources and prevent children from having to carry water to help their families.

The Committee recommends that Bhutan formulate and implement regulations to ensure that the business sector, in particular private education providers and the tourism industry, complies with international and national human rights and labour standards with regard to children’s rights. The Committee further recommends that Bhutan should undertake awareness-raising campaigns with the tourism industry and the public at large on the prevention of child sex tourism and disseminate widely the charter of honour for tourism and the World Tourism Organization Global Code of Ethics for Tourism among travel agents and in the tourism industry.

The Committee recommends that the State party review the Penal Code to give discretion to judges, in cases where deprivation of liberty is unavoidable, to consider less than half the sentence of an adult, and ensure that deprivation of liberty is only used as a measure of last resort and for the shortest time possible. Also, the Committee recommends to ensure that detention conditions are compliant with international standards, including with regard to access to education and health services, and establish specialized juvenile court facilities and procedures with adequate human, technical and financial resources, designate specialized judges for children and ensure they receive appropriate education and training. Bhutan should also ensure the provision of qualified and independent legal aid to children in conflict with the law at an early stage of the procedure and throughout the legal proceedings.

The Committee notes that the Constitution guarantees the right to freedom of religion and recommends that the State party ensure to every child the right to practice freely his or her religion or belief.

The Committee remains aware of the difficulties facing the State party, namely catastrophic drought conditions and natural disasters threatening the right to survival and development of the child, as well as the law enforcement operations and terrorist activities in certain regions that have displaced a large number of people. All of these problems seriously impede progress towards the full realization of children’s rights, as enshrined in the Convention.
In Pakistan, violence in all areas and extensive discrimination against girls are remarkable. In addition, refugee children in particular are denied access to education, and some children are kept in slave-like conditions under unimaginable circumstances.

The Committee remains extremely concerned about serious discrimination against girls in the State party and the persistent gender disparity, the persistence of early marriages and exchanges of girls for debt settlement, as well as domestic violence targeting girls. It is further concerned about the status of girls under sharia law, where girls are entitled to only half of the inheritance provided to boys. The Committee urges the State party to take concrete measures to address and reduce the serious gender disparities and discrimination against girls. In particular, the Committee recommends that the State party take effective measures to review its legislation and practices in order to eliminate any gender disparities in entitlements through the implementation of comprehensive public education and awareness-raising programmes to combat and prevent discrimination against girls, and to inform children, especially girls, about their rights under the Convention.
Furthermore, the Committee remains concerned about other inhuman customs and rituals threatening the lives and security of girls, such as burnings, acid attacks, mutilations, stripping and sexual harassment.

The Committee urges the State party to prevent and protect children with disabilities from abandonment by providing appropriate assistance and guidance to families with children with disabilities and implement awareness-raising campaigns aimed at government officials, the general public and families to combat the stigmatization of and prejudice against children with disabilities and to promote a positive image of such children. Pakistan should also encourage and ensure that all children with disabilities have access to inclusive education and ensure that inclusive education is given priority over the placement of children in specialized institutions and classes and improve the infrastructure and facilities of schools, health-care centres and public buildings in order to provide barrier-free access to children with disabilities throughout the country. Also, the Committee urges to organize the collection of data on children with disabilities and establish an efficient system for diagnosing disability, in order to put in place appropriate policies and programmes for children with disabilities.

While noting some improvement in the State party’s budget allocations for health care and the “lady health worker” programme, the Committee is concerned that State health-care services are insufficient and inadequate, especially in rural areas, where they are primarily provided by the private sector. In addition, the Committee is concerned about the slow progress being made in reducing the child mortality rate and the increase in the rate of neonatal mortality and the increasing rate of polio infection, due to the ban on vaccination imposed by the Taliban and the killings of personnel providing vaccines for children, as well as large-scale and frequent outbreaks of measles. Further, there are inadequate health facilities and services, especially for internally displaced children, almost half of whom are reported to have serious health conditions. Additionally, the Committee is concerned at the lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation, and the problem of malnutrition, which reportedly leads to 35 per cent of deaths in children under 5 years of age, and is attributed to, among other things, the mismanagement of food aid for children in need.

The Committee recommends that the State party take urgent action to prevent suicide among children, including by increasing the provision of psychological counselling services and the number of social workers in schools and communities, and to ensure that all professionals working with children are adequately trained to identify and address early suicidal tendencies and mental health problems. The Committee also recommends that the State party collect data and adopt a comprehensive national child mental health policy, ensuring that mental health promotion, counselling, prevention of mental health disorders in primary health care, schools and communities and child-friendly mental health services are integral features of the policy.

The Committee is seriously concerned about the negative effects of polluted air, water and soil on children’s health and the insufficient measures taken to address that challenge. The Committee recommends that the State party conduct an assessment of the effects of polluted air, water and soil on children’s health, as a basis for designing a well-resourced strategy to remedy the situation, and regulate the maximum concentrations of air and water pollutants.

The Committee welcomes the legislative acts passed in Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces that prohibit the employment of children in certain hazardous occupations. However, the Committee remains seriously concerned about the extremely high number of children involved in child labour, including in hazardous and slavery-like conditions in domestic servitude and prostitution, and the reports of abuse and torture of working children, including child domestic workers, in some cases leading to the deaths of such children, mainly girls. It is also concerned about the continuing practice of bonded and forced labour affecting children from poor and vulnerable backgrounds, including Dalit children, and the insufficient programmes and mechanisms to identify and protect child victims of forced labour, particularly bonded labour and child labour in the informal sector, including domestic work.

To improve the situation, the Committee urges the State party to take appropriate measures to eradicate child labour, in particular the worst forms of child labour, by addressing its root causes, including poverty and establish mechanisms for the systematic and regular monitoring of workplaces that employ children, in order to prevent ill-treatment, abuse and exploitation. Also, Pakistan should eradicate all forms of bonded and forced labour of children, in particular those from marginalized and disadvantaged groups, such as Dalit children, and bring those responsible, in particular employers, to justice.

The Committee is seriously alarmed by reports of the execution of several individuals for offences committed while they were under the age of 18 years, or where the age of the individual was contested following the lifting of the moratorium on the death penalty in December 2014. It is also seriously concerned that a large number of persons are currently on death row for crimes committed while they were under the age of 18 years and that these persons have limited access to procedures for challenging their sentence on the basis of their age.
The Committee deplores the reports of systematic and widespread torture and ill- treatment of children in police stations and prisons in the country, including reports of torture of children by the Faisalabad district police.

The Committee urges the State party to bring its juvenile justice system fully into line with the Convention and other relevant standards. In particular, the Committee urges the State party to ensure that children are not detained together with adults and that detention conditions comply with international standards, including with regard to access to education and health services and free, qualified legal aid. Pakistan should also carry out systematic and regular monitoring of detention facilities where children are detained, investigate any reports or allegations of torture or ill- treatment of children and ensure that perpetrators receive punishments commensurate with the gravity of their crimes. Furthermore, the Committee recommends that the State party set up specialist juvenile courts staffed by specially trained juvenile judges, prosecutors, probation officers, defence advocates and other relevant personnel, and ensure that all persons below the age of 18 years are tried exclusively by such courts, without exception.
The Committee also urges Pakistan to prohibit informal courts, such as jirgas and panchayats, and carry out prompt and effective investigations into decisions taken by such courts.

The Committee welcomes the birth registration units and the optional chip-based card system introduced by the State party to encourage birth registration in all provinces. Nevertheless, it remains concerned that only around 30 per cent of children are registered at birth. The Committee is particularly concerned about the low level of public awareness, the complicated procedures and high fees for birth registration and the lack of effective measures to ensure the birth registration of children belonging to marginalized and disadvantaged groups, including children born out of wedlock and refugee and internally displaced children.

The Committee is seriously concerned about the limited freedom of religion in the State party, the sectarian violence targeting children from religious minorities, such as Shia Muslims, Hindus, Christians and Ahmadis, and forced conversions. It is particularly concerned about the blasphemy laws that incur heavy penalties, including the death penalty, for “tainting” the Koran and insulting the Prophet Mohammed, and which are vaguely defined and frequently misused. Furthermore, the Committee is concerned at reports that religious intolerance is taught in schools, that non-Muslim students are forced to complete Islamic studies, and that some school textbooks include derogatory statements about religious minorities.

In the past, repressive manners were adopted by Chile to address demonstrations by students demanding changes in the education system and detention measures were used abusively. The best interests of the child, based on the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, is not a cross-cutting consideration in all areas of policymaking. In addition, there are prevailing prejudices and patriarchal structures against girls as well as a society riddled with violence.

The Committee notes as positive the initiatives to strengthen sexual and reproductive health education in the school curriculum, expand the availability of contraceptive methods and the draft law to decriminalize abortion in certain situations. However, the Committee is concerned about the high rate of adolescent pregnancy, the low quality of sexual education programmes and the lack of adherence to protocols by health professionals, which restrict adolescents’ effective access to information and contraceptives.

The Committee welcomes the measures taken by the State party to promote the rights of persons with disabilities. However, it is concerned that public policy still favours the assistance approach and that the National Plan on Disabilities only vaguely mentions children. It is also concerned about the lack of updated and disaggregated data on children with disabilities, the limited availability of inclusive education and occupational training and the insufficient provision of appropriate rehabilitation services for children with disabilities, including mental health care for them and their caregivers. The Committee is further concerned about the cases of mentally disabled and deaf girls being sterilized, despite its prohibition, which affects their reproductive and sexual rights. To improve the situation, the Committee urges Chile to step up its efforts to ensure inclusive education and occupational training for children with disabilities, without discrimination, including through the allocation of the necessary resources, adequate training of professionals and improvement of mobility infrastructure.

The Committee recommends to make use of available knowledge on diagnosis and non-drug approaches to the treatment of ADHD, improve the diagnosis of mental health problems among children, ensure that the relevant health authorities determine the root causes of ADHD in children and take the necessary measures to prevent pressure on children and parents to accept treatment with psychostimulant drugs. Furthermore, it recommends to strengthen measures to address underweight and overweight among children, promote a healthy lifestyle that includes physical activity and take the necessary measures to reduce the pressure of food marketing on children.

Concerning alcohol and drug abuse, the Committee recommends that the State party address the incidence by children by providing them with accurate and objective information and life skills education on preventing substance abuse, including tobacco and alcohol abuse, and develop accessible and youth-friendly drug-dependence treatment and harm-reduction services.

While noting the establishment of the national programme to prevent suicide (2013), the Committee is still concerned at the high suicide rate among adolescents.

The Committee recommends that the State party continue to develop and implement a national plan for disaster prevention and risk management, creating the decentralized structures necessary to promptly and effectively respond to emergencies and disasters, recognize the special vulnerabilities and needs of children and promote coordination between public and private actors. To further improve the situation, Chile should increase children’s awareness and preparedness for climate change and natural disasters by incorporating the topic into the school curriculum and teachers’ training programmes.

The Committee notes the steps taken by industrial companies and extractive industries to increase compliance with human rights standards. However, it is concerned about the lack of a national plan or general regulation on business and human rights that considers the impact of business on children’s rights, and about the limited and ad hoc measures. The Committee recommends to enact legislation prohibiting child labour, including domestic labour.

The Committee is concerned that detention centres are often operated as juvenile prisons, lack programmes specially designed for the rehabilitation and reintegration of children in conflict with the law and do not have the necessary resources to provide basic health care, education and professional training. Also, there is a lack of adequate mechanisms for children to report human rights abuses, in particular when deprived of liberty. Chile should quickly establish a separate juvenile justice system with specialized judges, prosecutors and defence attorneys and ensure that all law officials receive appropriate education and training. Furthermore, the Committee urges Chile to improve the infrastructure of detention centres to ensure adequate security, dignity and privacy to children and access to health services, education and professional training, taking into account their particular needs based on gender.

The Committee is concerned about children born in the territory of the State party being denied birth registration owing to their parents’ irregular migrant status. The Committee urges the State party to take all legislative and administrative measures to ensure that children born in its territory have due access to birth registration, irrespective of their parents’ migrant status.
The Committee notes that the best interests of the child are a fundamental principle in the legal system of the State party and that it is integrated into some laws. However, the Committee is concerned that it does not apply in all areas, including in decisions sentencing parents to long terms of imprisonment, and that the reasoning of the court does not always explain the criteria used for determining the child’s best interests.

In Mexico, the prevailing patriarchal structures hinder equality and lead to discrimination against girls. In addition, more than half of the children live in poverty, which is a considerably higher rate than among adults. Furthermore, children are exposed to a variety of violence, at home, from street gangs and official forces. There are no sensible concepts for juvenile justice.

The Committee expresses deep concern about the persistent patriarchal attitudes and gender stereotypes that discriminate against girls and women, resulting in an extremely high prevalence of violence against women and girls in the State party.
The Committee urges the State party to accord the utmost priority to the elimination of patriarchal attitudes and gender stereotypes that discriminate against girls and women, including through educational and awareness-raising programmes.

The Committee is concerned about the high number of disappearances of children, especially girls from 10 years of age and reports of a very high number of feminicides of women and girls, the lack of official disaggregated data and the prevalent impunity in this regard.

Still, many children with disabilities do not have free access to health and rehabilitation services and do not receive education. To improve the situation, the Committee recommends to ensure that all children with disabilities effectively enjoy their rights to health and rehabilitation services, attend school and are free from violence and exploitation. Specific measures should be adopted to address the particular challenges faced by indigenous children in these areas.

Access to health services is not equal for all children, owing to the existence of various health systems providing services that differ in terms of coverage and quality. This situation results in a high percentage of children not having access to health-care services or having access only to poor quality health-care services. The Committee recommends to ensure the availability and accessibility of quality health services for all children, in particular rural and indigenous children, including by allocating adequate resources.

For the improvement of adolescent health, the Committee recommends to evaluate the consumption patterns of drugs by adolescents and strengthen the existing programmes aimed at preventing drug use and assisting children who use drugs. Those programmes should provide children, in particular in schools, with accurate and objective information as well as life skills education on preventing substance abuse — including tobacco and alcohol — and develop accessible and youth-friendly drug dependence treatment and harm reduction services.

Concerning mental health, the Committee recommends to adopt measures to provide quality access to mental health services with the aim of eliminating the prevalence of suicides and depression among adolescents.

The Committee is concerned that the State party has not taken sufficient measures to address air, water, soil and electromagnetic pollution, which have a grave impact on children and maternal health. The import and use of pesticides or chemicals banned or restricted for use in third countries, which particularly affect indigenous children in the State of Sonora, is also a reason of deep concern.

The Committee notes the constitutional reform raising the minimum age of employment to 15 years. However, it remains deeply concerned that hundreds of thousands of children, at times as young as 5 years old, continue to work and that a high percentage of them is involved in the worst forms of child labour, such as mining and agriculture, and does not receive a salary. It is further concerned at the insufficient measures taken to address child domestic labour, which particularly affects girls, as well as the involvement of children, especially children of migrant farmworkers, in agriculture.

The Committee is concerned about the lack of harmonization of the juvenile justice legislation in all states and the fact that children can be sentenced to between 5 and 20 years of imprisonment for the same crime, depending on the state where they live or have committed a crime and the precarious conditions in which children are placed in detention centres and the frequent cases of violence against adolescents. Among other things, the Committee recommends to ensure the provision of qualified and independent legal aid to children in conflict with the law at an early stage of the procedure and throughout the legal proceedings. Indigenous and migrant children should be provided with interpretation and/or consular assistance as required.

The Committee is deeply concerned about corroborated reports that hundreds of children have been sexually abused for years by clerics of the Catholic Church and other religious institutions. The Committee is particularly concerned about the general impunity that perpetrators have enjoyed so far, as recognized by the State party’s delegation, about the low number of investigations and prosecutions and about the alleged complicity of State officials, as well as about the lack of complaints mechanisms, services and compensation available to children.
The Committee is also concerned that the number of indigenous, Afro-Mexican and migrant children and children living in remote areas who are registered at birth remains low.

Honduras is considered one of the most violent countries in the world that is not in a conflict situation. In addition, there is a "Guardians of the Fatherland" program that sends disadvantaged children to military exercises instead of school. Information and data sources are lacking on almost all points, so that hardly any statements are made, for example, about the situation of girls and children in street situations.

Sex-based discrimination language is continuously used in certain laws, institutional plans and programmes for children. Also, the Committee is concerned about the high number of cases of child abuse, in particular involving girls, including in the family environment, and about the lack of consolidated and disaggregated information on all forms of abuse against children. It is concerned as well about the high prevalence of child marriages, in particular among girls.
In addition to that, the Committee remains concerned about the high levels of pregnancy among adolescent girls, in particular among adolescents with no education or with only primary schooling, and notes the neglect of sexual and reproductive health education in the design of the national curriculum for basic education. The Committee is also deeply concerned that girls can in no circumstances have access to abortion services, including in cases of rape or incest and when their health or life are in danger, a situation which places them at grave risk of resorting to clandestine abortion at the risk of their life and can lead them to being criminalized.

Almost half of the children with disabilities are deprived of education. To improve the situation, the Committee recommends to take urgent measures to ensure that all children with disabilities are effectively enrolled in mainstream schools. It further recommends to train specialized teachers and professionals in inclusive education and assign them to inclusive classes providing individual support and all due attention to children with disabilities.

The Committee welcomes the decline in infant and under-five mortality rates and the adoption of the Breastfeeding Law, but is concerned about the delay in adopting a primary-health-care strategy and the limitations imposed on the expanded programme of immunization. Also, the State Party should improve the coverage and quality of services, paying particular attention to rural and indigenous neglected populations.

The Committee recommends that the State party provide adequate access to mental-health services for all children and develop specialized and youth-friendly drug-dependence treatment and harm reduction services for children and young people.

The Committee welcomes the measures the State party has taken to combat child labour, but it remains concerned about the lack of harmonization of the Labour Code with international standards. The State Party should establish monitoring mechanisms for the investigation and redress of children’s rights violations, with a view to improving accountability and transparency.

The Committee urges Honduras to ensure the provision of qualified and independent legal aid for children in conflict with the law at an early stage of the procedure and throughout the legal proceedings, and also to promptly investigate and prosecute cases of death during detention and provide information on the measures taken to address those cases.

The Committee is concerned that the police and prosecution are still allowed to arbitrarily detain children, based on their presumed affiliation to Maras or their appearance, which results in the further stigmatization of these children.

Honduras has realized several trainings for officials and employees of the judiciary and civil servants but not for all professionals working with children as the Committee recommends. And despite all the measures taken by the State party, the Committee is deeply concerned about the increasing number of poor households and geographic disparities in access to water and sanitation, which primarily affect indigenous and Afro-Honduran children. It is also concerned about the high level of chronic malnutrition, which affects twice as many children in rural areas as children in urban areas.

The Committee is also concerned about the creation of the Guardians of the Fatherland programme, aimed at training 25,000 children at social risk annually, under which children participate in activities carried out by military units and in installations of the armed forces. They recommend to abandon the Guardians of the Fatherland programme and ensure that children and adolescents do not participate in activities carried out in battalions and other military installations, and instead promote community and education-sector participation in the formation of values and prevention of violence.

Eswatini's report shows clearly that the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child still needs further efforts. School education is not free of charge and overcrowding and ill-treatment are reported in the justice system. On a positive note, both the usage of the Internet and the impact of climate change are included in the report and will hopefully be addressed by the State Party in the future.

The Committee is seriously concerned at the high prevalence of sexual exploitation and abuse of children and that sexual exploitation and abuse is often considered to be a “private issue” that should be dealt with within the realm of the family.

The Committee is concerned about the high HIV infection rates and the high rate of early pregnancies, and adolescents’ limited access to contraceptives.

To improve the situation, the Committee recommends that the State party provide free, confidential HIV/AIDS and sexual and reproductive health services and ensure girls’ access to family planning services, affordable contraceptives and safe abortion and post-abortion care services, and ensure that their views are always heard and given due consideration in abortion decisions. The Committee further recommends to ensure that comprehensive sexual and reproductive health education is part of the compulsory school curriculum.

The Committee is concerned about the absence of disaggregated data on children with disabilities and the limited access to early identification and referral programmes for children with disabilities. Also concerning are insufficient measures to ensure that children with disabilities fully enjoy their rights, in particular to health, quality of life, and inclusive education and reports that some children with disabilities are isolated and that they face stigma, discrimination and abuse.
To improve the situation, the Committee urges the State party to ensure that children with disabilities have access to health care, inclusive education, early detection and early intervention systems, and various forms of social protection of high quality. Furthermore, the State party should undertake ongoing awareness-raising campaigns targeting public officials, the public and families to promote a positive image of these children as rightsholders.

The Committee welcomes increased investments in the health care sector, the roll out of child developmental and health programmes, and notes reduced rates of maternal, neonatal and child mortality. However, the Committee remains concerned about the scarcity of health care facilities and at the stock-outs of certain medicines as well as high neonatal, infant and under-five mortality rates.
To guarantee every child the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, the Committee recommends to Eswatini to improve access to, and the quality of, primary health services, in particular in rural areas, by allocating sufficient human and financial resources for health infrastructure, and by developing an integrated medicine supply management system to improve the availability and access of medicines. It further recommends to urgently strengthen the efforts to further reduce infant and child mortality, especially by improving ante- and postnatal care, enhancing the capacity of health-care providers, increasing the availability and accessibility of emergency obstetric care.

Concerning adolescent health, the Committee welcomes the establishment of Youth friendly clinics and the roll out of life skills education in all secondary schools. The Committee is however concerned about health services that are generally not adolescent friendly. To improve the situation, the Committee recommends that the State party ensure adolescent-friendly health services.

The Committee is concerned about the stigma surrounding mental health and the lack of mental health services for adolescents. The Committee recommends to ensure that all adolescents have access to confidential mental health services and counselling in primary health care, schools and communities.

The Committee is concerned about industrial pollution, which threatens access to safe drinking water from rivers; municipal waste and agricultural chemicals, which pose serious risks to both the environment and children's health; and high vulnerability to recurrent droughts and related food insecurity, which affects full implementation of the Convention.

The Committee recommends that the State party promote the sustainable management of natural resources such as land and water, considering the consequences for the present and future generations. Also, Eswatini should increase the efficiency in biomass usage to protect the forest ecosystems and accelerate the transition to renewable energy; reduce vulnerability of children to the impacts of climate change by building their adaptive capacity and resilience; ensure that their special vulnerabilities and views are taken into account in preparing early warning systems and disaster risk management plans. Further, it should increase children’s awareness of climate change and environmental degradation by incorporating environmental education into school curriculum.

The Committee is seriously concerned about reports of high rates of child labour, particularly among girls in the rural areas and in the age group 5–11 years, the lack of data on the extent and type of work carried out by children, and at the insufficient resources allocated to the Child Labour Unit.

To improve the situation, the Committee recommends that Eswatini prohibit the employment of children in harmful or hazardous work and expedite the amendments to the Employment Act to include additional safeguards for children, in particular young girls in the rural areas. Also, Eswatini should significantly increase the human, technical and financial resources allocated to the Child Labour Unit in order to fully, regularly and effectively implement the laws and policies on child labour, particularly in the domestic and agricultural sector, increase sanctions for violators and prosecute perpetrators as well as collect data on the extent and type of work carried out by children.

The Committee is seriously concerned about reports of ill-treatment, including of girls, solitary confinement and overcrowding in the correctional facilities of Vulamasango School, Malkerns Young Person’s Centre and Mawelawela Correctional Centre and reports of arbitrary arrests, detention and incarceration of children as well as detaining them with adults. Further, the Committee is concerned about stringent prison sentences for some first-time child offenders and the underutilization of alternatives to detention and children from vulnerable groups, including children living in poverty and children with disabilities, facing additional challenges in accessing justice.

The Committee urges the State party to prohibit overcrowding and ill-treatment of children in correctional facilities and ensure that children are not confined together with adults. It further urges the State party to ensure the independent monitoring of places where children are deprived of their liberty and establish child- and gender-sensitive complaint mechanisms regarding ill-treatment of children in custody and detention. Additionally, it urges the State party to investigate and address ill-treatment of children in the child justice system, ensure that perpetrators are held accountable, child victims are protected and adequately compensated and eliminate disparities among all children in access to justice, especially vulnerable children and children with mental and/or physical disabilities.

The Committee urges the State party to ensure that safety and wellbeing of children is always respected and investigate the reported killing and injuries of children that occurred during the public demonstrations which started on 29 June 2021. The Committee urges the State party to investigate and effectively address reports of arrest, ill-treatment and incarceration of children and detaining them with adults in the context of the unrest of 29 June 2021.

Concluding observations on the second and fourth periodic reports released on 29 September 2021. More information about education in Eswati: http://www.gov.sz/index.php/departments-sp-799263136/early-childhood-care-education
and http://www.gov.sz/index.php/departments-sp-799263136/early-childhood-care-education

In the report on Benin, many problems are clearly visible, for example that many children are underweight and growth-stunted. Generally, the health system is in a bad condition. The situation of emigrant, asylum-seeking and refugee children is not addressed in the report at all, and climate change does not play a role in the report either. On all other points, however, the information is very detailed and contains many facts and figures.

The Committee is concerned at the persistence of the traditional practice of vidomegon affecting girls and at the limited measures taken to eradicate it and to hold accountable those exploiting them.

The Committee recommends that the State party adopt a comprehensive sexual and reproductive health policy for adolescents and ensure that sexual and reproductive health education is part of the mandatory school curriculum and targeted at adolescent girls and boys, with special attention to preventing early pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Also, the State party should take measures to raise awareness of and foster responsible parenthood and sexual behaviour, with particular attention to boys and men, and decriminalize abortion in all circumstances and review its legislation with a view to ensuring children’s access to safe abortion and post-abortion care services, and ensure that the views of the pregnant girl are always heard and respected in abortion decisions.

The Committee notes that the current legislation punishes all forms of infanticide and that certain measures have been taken to prevent them. However, it remains concerned that children born with disabilities and so-called “sorcerer’s” children are likely to be killed or abandoned by their parents.

The Committee is also concerned about the very little information on children with disabilities and about measures taken for their inclusion in regular schools.
The Committee urges the State party to adopt a human rights-based approach to disability, set up a comprehensive strategy for the inclusion of children with disabilities and organize the collection of data on children with disabilities and develop an efficient system for diagnosing disability, which is necessary for putting in place appropriate policies and programmes for children with disabilities. Also, Benin should set up comprehensive measures to develop inclusive education and ensure that inclusive education is given priority over the placement of children in specialized institutions and classes. In addition to that, Benin should take immediate measures to ensure that children with disabilities have access to health care, including early detection and intervention programmes and undertake awareness-raising campaigns aimed at government officials, the public and families to combat the stigmatization of and prejudice against children with disabilities and promote a positive image of such children.

The Committee is deeply concerned that the infant, neonatal and maternal mortality rates remain very high and that 20 per cent of children under 5 years of age are underweight and 40 per cent suffer from moderate to severe stunting. It is also concerned about the high incidence of malaria and malnutrition in the State party, the limited access to clean water and adequate sanitation, and that the universal health insurance scheme is still not operational.

To guarantee the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health, the Committee recommends that the State party strengthen its efforts to further reduce infant and child mortality, focusing on prevention and treatment, including vaccination uptake, improving nutrition and sanitary conditions, increasing access to drinking water, especially in the rural areas and in schools, and fighting against communicable diseases, malnutrition and malaria. In addition to that, Benin should also make the universal health insurance scheme operational.

The Committee is deeply concerned about the prevalence of child labour among children under 14 years of age, including the worst forms of child labour, the distortion of the traditional practice of vidomegon into forced labour, and about the increasing number of children working in the informal sector despite the legal prohibition on work under 14 years of age. It is concerned that no complaints or formal penalties have been recorded against persons requiring children under 14 years of age to work. The Committee is also concerned that there is no information on measures taken to punish persons who exploit children, on whether the decisions taken by the national steering committee to combat child labour are being implemented, and whether the latter has been allocated sufficient resources. The Committee is also concerned at the fact that the minimum age for employment is set at 14 years of age, despite the declared intention to extend the minimum age for completion of compulsory education to 15.

The Committee urges the State party to guarantee the provision of qualified and independent legal aid to children in conflict with the law at an early stage of the procedure and throughout the legal proceedings and to promote alternative measures to detention, such as diversion, probation, mediation, counselling or community service, wherever possible, and ensure that detention is used as a last resort and for the shortest possible period of time, and that it is reviewed on a regular basis with a view to revoking it. It further urges Benin to investigate all allegations of torture or ill-treatment, and prosecute and punish law enforcement officers responsible for such abuses against children deprived of liberty and to ensure that prison authorities facilitate individual private interviews with detained children and staff during visits by representatives from independent bodies such as non-governmental organizations. Also, in cases where detention is unavoidable, to ensure that children are not detained together with adults and that detention conditions are compliant with international standards, including with regard to access to education and health services.

The Committee is concerned that many children are still not registered at birth, in particular children living in remote rural communities, children from disadvantaged families and children in residential care. It is also concerned that many barriers to birth registration remain, such as insufficient information or awareness as to the importance of birth registration certificates, insufficient enabling frameworks to ensure that all births are registered, and high transaction costs to obtain certificates, owing to an environment of corruption and poverty. The Committee is also concerned that the existing legislation contains discriminatory provisions which provide that the loss of Beninese nationality by a husband can be extended to a mother and children.

The Committee is further concerned at the practice of sequestration of children, especially girls, in voodoo convents because of family traditions and beliefs. The Committee is particularly concerned that such children are deprived of education and contacts outside of the convents, and are subjected to ill treatment, including scarification rites and sexual abuse.
The Committee notes the State party’s efforts to ensure respect for the views of the child through the Children’s Parliament and the Youth Parliament, but remains concerned that the State party has not taken the measures necessary to overcome traditional societal attitudes which limit children from freely expressing their views in schools, in courts or within the family and the community.

Concluding observations on the third to fifth periodic reports released on 25 February 2016. More information about education in Benin: http://www.unesco.org